This talk explores the similarities and distinctions between data availability (DA), confirmation, and settlement layers. While these layers are often discussed as separate components, they frequently function as variations of a consensus protocol.

We’ll dive deep into the technical properties each layer requires and the consensus optimizations each one prioritizes. Using real-world examples—including CometBFT, HotShot, EigenDA, Gasper, and Ethereum 3-Slot Finality—we’ll evaluate whether these layers are truly distinct or simply different approaches to the same underlying concept.